The reason I got to this thread was because I have something similar in my mind, to insulate my solid brickwork against this cold weather and huge energy bills which will keep on rising no matter what.
So already tight for space, (floor space) there are other options available of course, some of them are expensive,
There is this dedicated insulation panels that you apply using dedicated adhesive to the external walls, and this is then coated with a layer of coloured plaster, which has a slight textured finish. But this is fairly expensive product and lots of older houses or council flats now use this stuff.
I will paste a link here once I find what this product is and who does it, in fact I know someone who actually does this right next door to me, the product he uses comes from Germany, and is supplied with buckets of adhesive and the material is 50mm thick minimum but 100mm thick is also available.