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Not necessarily a mistake - span/360 against imposed loads only is a valid deflection limit check. But yes definitely worth checking dead load load deflection in this case where supporting predominantly dead load.

Yes it’s normal to support a beam perpendicular on the inner leaf of a wall, but the structural engineer who is doing the beam calcs should specify the masonry strength and padstone size and not the builder. 3.6N thermalite block sounds a bit light for supporting a big point load, but really...

Maybe i've got an overactive imagination - saw you mention rods and was thinking of something a bit Heath Robinson...

Yes those hangers would do. Might be able to just use one for each joist, but it depends how the ceiling joists are currently sat on the wall and how much they're lapped.

How long is the opening that you want to support the ceiling over? I'd just run a doubled up 2x4 timber over the top of the ceiling joists - send it a couple of joists beyond the ends of the opening, and support the ceiling joists above the opening from joist hangers. You wouldn't need to get...

What tension rods?? Run the beam above the ceiling and support the joists on hangers...

Personally i think you're wasting your time/money doing anything other than cosmetic work... If repairs were carried out as part of an insurance claim and there were any structural concerns at the time then a surveyor/structural engineer would have been appointed to advise on any remedial works...

Drill and resin fix some 10 or 12mm rebar into the face of the existing slab

Whats the floor span? The joist spacing they've specified is a bit odd... I'd go for a minimum 150mm deep timber bearer bolted to the wall to give enough depth to face fix a hanger to. Simpson Strongtie JHA270 hangers are available in different sizes to suit both 63mm and 75mm joists.

I've never seen a concrete block that's anything other than plain rectangular...

Concrete blocks don't have frogs?

It'll be no different to the lower strength block (assuming you're comparing like-for-like blocks by the same manufacturer). You can get data sheets for blocks that'll tell you specs for thermal conductivity, sound insulation etc.. on the manufacturers websites if you're trying to compare.

Strength of the block makes no difference in a beam and block floor really - the 3.6/7/10N etc. strength is compressive strength, and in a B&B floor application the blocks aren't acting in compression. The only real difference between block types for a B&B floor is the effect on thermal...

Yes they use the same blocks that you'd use to build a wall - can be either lightweight or medium/dense depending on whats been specified by the designer.

They look like thermalite blocks. If you're planning to remove any half blocks anyway then it'll be quicker to just infill with new blocks which will course with the existing and be a lot quicker

Scabble - roughen up the surface of the concrete so that the mortar will adhere better

Assume you mean a timber bearer fixed to the face of the wall rather than a wallplate? (wallplate is a timber laid on the top of a wall) If so then - 1. Yes those hangers will be fine. 2. Fix hangers to timber bearer, bend hanger over top edge of timber and trim excess before fixing to wall. 3...

Have a look at resilient bars, they can fix directly to the existing joists. A lot cheaper and easier to install than a new timber ceiling...

Yes bolted cover splice plates (as you've pictured) are generally the best way to form a splice connection. I'd either wait for your SE to return, or instruct another to provide a splice connection design with appropriate calculations/PI cover - What happens when your BC inspector asks to see...

Absolute rubbish, mesh will do nothing to protect the foundation from the influence of the tree. Ask your building inspector if he's ever read NHBC chapter 4 on building near trees...