it is black magnetite caused by corrosion of your steel radiators
It makes an indelible black stain on any absorbent surface such as carpet or concrete.
the cheapest and most effective way for you to get rid of it is to take the radiators off, turn then upside down so they don't drip, and carry them into the garden and squirt them through with a garden hose. If you are fitting new rads, just tiop the old ones into a bucket. It is not toxic, just iron oxide. However any old rads you do not replace will still have it so it needs cleaning out. I suggest you replace any old rad valves and fit TRVs while you are at it.
Bale out the mud from your Feed & Expansion tank and sponge it clean to avoid washing extra sediment into the system, before you do any more draining or refilling.
There will still be some left in the boiler, pump and pipes, and you can loosen this by adding a sediment cleaner such as Sentinel X400, which will cost you £15, when you refill. Then you run the system for 4 weeks and drain the stuff which has been loosened and washed round with the water.
When you have cleaned it, use acorrosion inhibityor such as Sentinel X100 to prevent future corrosion. You may need to top this up after a few years or oif you drain or get aaleak. It will cost you £15 as a DIY job.
If you can do basic plumbing, and can afford £100 for a Magnaclean as well as the above, I guarantee you will be amazed and delighted to see how much black sediment it traps
If the sediment is not remove, it can settle into blockages and harden, which can be damaging and is much harder and more costly to deal with. It also reduces efficiency and wears working parts.