I've often wondered about electric showers with their own internal pump that are fed from a CWSC which is regularly at 20C+, but the shower, for obvious reasons, cannot be run at temperatures higher than 48C, and its TCO will kill the power to it at 48C. A 9kw shower has ~ a 230ml heating can so the residence HW time, assuming a flowrate of 4.3LPM when heating from 10C to 40C, is only 3.2sec, maybe this residence time is enough to kill any nasty germs as they will be in contact with very very hot 9kw heating elements in this very small heating can. Also, especially with the advent, of ASHPs, more and more unvented HW cylinders are now being run with storage temperatures down to 45C or even lower, and are supposed to be heated to 60C weekly? for legionella protection, but how many follow this advice, and just wonder will the instances of legionella slowly rise with the rise in ASHPs?, hopefully, not.