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White stuff

It is likely to be moisture within the wall that is reacting with the coatings put on the wall (effervescence), and no, the stain block wouldn't stop it.

Alternatively, it could be a reaction between the stain block and the paint.

The regular Zinsser BIN is not waterbased, it is shellac and pigment suspended in alcohol. That said, I think they now have a waterbased version (which I haven't used).

Might help if the OP confirms which version was used.

To the OP- cut up some bacofoil into a 10" by 10" square, put it on the wall, run tape around the perimeter. Leave it for a few days. Periodically, check to make sure that the face looking into the room is dry (if dry- it is unlikely to be condensation). After a week or so, remove the tape and check to see if the reverse side is dry (if wet, there could be a damp issue).

As a decoratorator, if I had to make a complete guess, I would suspect that there might be a suction issue. By that, I mean that the porosity of the substrate is inconsistent. You mention that you had faux bricks previously. It might be the case that the residue from the old adhesive need to be sealed first.

Pick up a tin of the alcohol based BIN, touch in a smallish area, then use full fat emulsion over the top- given the colour of the emulsion, you might need two or three coats of emulsion, preferably allowing at least 4-6(?) hours between coats (because of the BIN, the emulsion will take longer to cure/dry).
 
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