The High Threshold at the Evidential Stage
There is a high threshold that must be met before the evidential stage in the
Code for Crown Prosecutors (the Code) will be met. Furthermore, even if the high evidential threshold is met, in many cases a prosecution is unlikely to be required in the public interest. See further the sections below on
The Public Interest and
Article 10 ECHR.
In
Chambers v DPP [2012] EWHC 2157 (Admin), the Lord Chief Justice made it clear that:
"Satirical, or iconoclastic, or rude comment, the expression of unpopular or unfashionable opinion about serious or trivial matters, banter or humour, even if distasteful to some or painful to those subjected to it should and no doubt will continue at their customary level, quite undiminished by [section 127 of the Communications Act 2003]."
Prosecutors are reminded that what is prohibited under section 1 of the Malicious Communications Act 1988 and section 127 of the Communications Act 2003 is the sending of a communication that is grossly offensive. A communication sent has to be more than simply offensive to be contrary to the criminal law. Just because the content expressed in the communication is in bad taste, controversial or unpopular, and may cause offence to individuals or a specific community, this is not in itself sufficient reason to engage the criminal law. As Lord Bingham made clear in
DPP v Collins:
- "There can be no yardstick of gross offensiveness otherwise than by the application of reasonably enlightened, but not perfectionist, contemporary standards to the particular message sent in its particular context. The test is whether a message is couched in terms liable to cause gross offence to those to whom it relates."
- "The Justices must apply the standards of an open and just multi-racial society".
- "The question is whether ... [the defendant] used language which is beyond the pale of what is tolerable in our society".
- "[Is there anything] in the content or tenor of [the] messages to soften or mitigate the effect of [the] language in any way"?