An occupying power holds extensive responsibilities toward an occupied territory and its population under International Humanitarian Law (IHL), primarily governed by the 1907 Hague Regulations and the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 (GCIV). The fundamental principle is that occupation is temporary and does not transfer sovereignty; therefore, the occupier acts as an administrator, not an owner, and must protect the local population while managing the territory for their benefit.
2. Protection of the Civilian Population
Civilians must be treated humanely and their rights, beliefs, and customs respected. Forcible transfers or deportations of the occupied population are prohibited, as is transferring the occupier's own population into the territory. The occupier must also ensure the welfare and education of children.
3. Provision of Essential Services
The occupying power must ensure the population has adequate food, medical supplies, and public health services. If local resources are insufficient, they must import necessary supplies and facilitate relief schemes.
4. Property and Economic Management
Private property is protected from confiscation. Public property must be managed like a usufruct, preserving its value for the local population. Natural resources should also be managed for the benefit of the local population.
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