That depends entirely on the strength when it was mixed. Fixing to the joint, isn't usually a good option where there is a heavy load expected, like this, but the morter might be stronger.
The alternative would be to find some method to get something in the cavity, at the back of the Thermolite blocks, to distribute the load. I'm thinking a strip of steel, ready drilled and using threaded rod through the blocks. Have you any access from above the cavity, to lower a bit of 5mm steel strip into place, then fit the nuts?