you can't tell much just by looking at the element of a cut-open oil filter. They all look like crinkly paper stuff. You really need to put one on a test rig with oil that has had known contaminants added and then see how much it will take out. There was a case of a number of batches of counterfeit Caterpillar oil filters (looked like and OE box - even had the hologram on the box, in fact!) but when cut open, the filters were just stuffed with old rags!
Suspension components are tricky. If at all possible, I like to go for a name I've heard of - TRW, Sachs, Valeo etc. If the car is an old shed that I'm just looking to get another year out of, I might go for something cheaper.
I had a mate who used to work for a well-known British suspension joint manufacturer. they supplied some big manufacturers (including Ford). The supply chain is very complex though. The manufacturer would give them a specification that they had to meet if they wanted to supply OE. Taking the example of a balljoint, this would include things like size and sphericalness of the ball, as well as surface roughness for the grinding. It would include material specifications for the plastic socket, plus a load of other things. there would be tolerances for play under load, as well as maximum torque to be applied before it starts to rotate in it's housing. If a balljoint met every stage of the quality control checks as it was made, it would be supplied as OE. If it was near the limit of the specified tolerance on one or more areas, it would go into the car manufacturer's own "genuine replacement parts" packaging. If it failed to meet the manufacturer's limits (say the ball pin was ground a few thousandths of an inch undersize or something like that), it would go into one of this company's "own brand" packages as a replacement suitable for that particular model of car. If it was too far out of spec for their own packaging, there were other retailers who were less proud of their name and brand image, who would take them. Finally, those that were well and truly out of spec were scrapped.
The point is, it's rare that a part is only either "good" or "bad". There's a sliding scale of acceptability with most complex components and the point at which you'd call something "sub-standard" is a pretty fluid sort of concept.
Lastly, there are a few components (replacement silencers, bulbs, brake linings, that (by law) need to be type approved. Whilst not a guarantee of quality, at least if something has an approval number on it, you know it has met at least some test requirements!