There are lots of requirements concerning the safe installation of electrics in new dwellings.
The most common ones will be in Approved Documents;
Part P
Part L1
Part M
But to answer your questions, there is no requirement to use conduit, but if you do they must comply to relevant building standards.
Which will be BS EN 61386
Calaculation most also be made as regards of the cables current carry capacity, as this may well be reduce if conduit is used as an installation method.
The relevant information can be found in BS7671:2008
within Chapter 52 and the on-site-guide.
Also the electricians guide to the building regulations.
all books worth having if you are considering undergoing this work yourself.
BS7671:2008
OSG
electricians guide to part p
Ring final circuits being run under the floorboards is a standard procedure, there should be no unaccessible joints under the floor, ie junction boxes, connection blocks etc...
The design of the circuit again is key.
//www.diynot.com/wiki/electrics:installation_techniques:route
also have a look in here
some useful info
//www.diynot.com/wiki/electrics