Prior to modern sanitation, disease outbreaks and parasites through fecal contamination of drinking water supplies were a huge problem.
Yes, that did happen in the past, and still does in some countries and in the face of various natural and man-made disasters. However, 'poor sanitation' can obviously only transmit/spread disease (not 'create' it), so requires a significant number of people to be actively infected (or. much more rarely, 'asymptomatic carriers'). The big problems you refer to have occurred at times, and in places (to this day) when/where various diseases that can be spread in this way were endemic in many countries.
Having said that, we still see the problem to some extent, even in the UK, as a result of contamination of rivers and costal waters with 'raw sewage'. However, that's a bit different, because that 'raw sewage' is 'mixed', deriving from thousands, or tens of thousands of people, hence greatly increasing the probability that at least one of them will have been excreting pathogens. In contrast the probability of the user of a bidet/whatever that somehow manages to 'backflow' into the water supply network (I imagine extremely rare in itself) excreting pathogens at the time of that backflow must be incredibly small.
I would also add that 'modern sanitation' is just one of the many factors that has largely eradicated the sort of 'huge problems' you mention, in countries like ours. I think much of our 'modern sanitation' is still 'Victorian', and to cite an anecdote, my great-grandmother died of typhoid, at the age of 23, a few years after Queen Victoria had departed for 'the palace in the sky'
As I hinted above, one of the things I've always thought about these concerns are that I would imagine it is extremely rare for water from anywhere within a domestic dwelling to backflow into the water supply network, since that presumably requires the supply pressure to fall to near-zero, or negative, which generally never happens unless there is a fault ('burst water main') in the supply network in the vicinity.